Comment No. 772089094570334543

Sorry po pala kung ngayon lang ako nakapagpost ulit, sorry po sir!!!

Comment No. 7360029347238650954

Hhhhhhhaaaaaaaaaaiiiiiiii!!!! at last, the periodic exams were already done, especially in Physics test. Oh my God I'm so irritated when I am about to struggle my test in Physics because of too much heat thats why I got a low score. But then I did all my best just to make my exam. Hhhhhmmmmm!!! for sir Mendoza: "hai naku sir tatagalugin ko na lang po ito, lahat po ng mga items sa test ay puro solving, alam nyo po ba? lampas na ng kalahating oras eh number eight pa lang ako. hehehe.

Comment No. 8600283654998034354

Hi there again. Well I got a bad score last time when we had our second long test in Physics III. It is a hard one because it like an entrance exam in UP even though I didn't try to take the test there. Atleast I have tried already how hard is that coming test in my life"huhu" even though it is too hard. I think Sir Mendoza should know that we are giving much attention to our Physics class even though Chemistry is our main science subject in this year because Physics is the hardest field of Science and our teacher make us suffer if I know "hhmmmmmmm". So I must take care of my grades for me to pass his subject, and I think I can handle this subject by focusing on the lessons first before I proceed to advanced lessons. And I must make my scores high especially this coming Periodic exam in Physics "Oh My God, I am afraid,,,shivering". To sir Mendoza, "hhhhmmmm, hi there and take care".

Cases of Lenses

If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a collimated or parallel beam of light travelling parallel to the lens axis and passing through the lens will be converged (or focused) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance behind the lens (known as the focal length). In this case, the lens is called a positive or converging lens.

If the lens is biconcave or plano-concave, a collimated beam of light passing through the lens is diverged (spread); the lens is thus called a negative or diverging lens. The beam after passing through the lens appears to be emanating from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens; the distance from this point to the lens is also known as the focal length, although it is negative with respect to the focal length of a converging lens.

If the lens is convex-concave (a meniscus lens), whether it is converging or diverging depends on the relative curvatures of the two surfaces. If the curvatures are equal, then the beam is neither converged nor diverged.

Lens
A curved piece of ground and polished or molded material, usually glass, used for the refraction of light. Its two surfaces have the same axis. Usually this is an axis of rotation symmetry for both surfaces; however, one or both of the surfaces can be toric, cylindrical, or a general surface with double symmetry (see illustration). The intersection points of the symmetry axis with the two surfaces are called the front and back vertices and their separation is called the thickness of the lens. There are three lens types, namely, compound, single, and cemented. A group of lenses used together is a lens system. Such systems may be divided into four classes: telescopes, oculars (eyepieces), photographic objectives, and enlarging lenses.
a) Biconvex. (b) Plano-convex. (c) Positive meniscus. (d) Biconcave. (e) Plano-concave. (f) Negative meniscus. (After F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, Fundamentals of Optics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1976)" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE377000FG0010.gif">Common lenses. (a) Biconvex. (b) Plano-convex. (c) Positive meniscus. (d) Biconcave. (e) Plano-concave. (f) Negative meniscus. (After F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, Fundamentals of Optics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1976)
Lens types
A compound lens is a combination of two or more lenses in which the second surface of one lens has the same radius as the first surface of the following lens and the two lenses are cemented together. Compound lenses are used instead of single lenses for color correction, or to introduce a surface which has no effect on the aperture rays but large effects on the principal rays, or vice versa. Sometimes the term compound lens is applied to any optical system consisting of more than one element, even when they are not in contact.
The diameter of a simple lens is called the linear aperture, and the ratio of this aperture to the focal length is called the relative aperture. This latter quantity is more often specified by its reciprocal, called the f-number. Thus, if the focal length is 50 mm and the linear aperture 25 mm, the relative aperture is 0.5 and the f-number is f/2. See also Focal length.
A compound lens made of two or more simple thin lenses cemented together is called a cemented lens.
Lens systems
A lens system consisting of two systems combined so that the back focal point of the first (the objective) coincides with the front focal point of the second (the ocular) is called a telescope. Parallel entering rays leave the system as parallel rays. The magnification is equal to the ratio of the focal length of the first system to that of the second.
A photographic objective images a distant object onto a photographic plate or film. The amount of light reaching the light-sensitive layer depends on the aperture of the optical system, which is equivalent to the ratio of the lens diameter to the focal length. The larger the aperture (the smaller the f-number), the less adequate may be the scene luminance required to expose the film. Therefore, if pictures of objects in dim light are desired, the f-number must be small. On the other hand, for a lens of given focal length, the depth of field isinversely proportional to the aperture.
In general, photographic objectives with large fields have small apertures; those with larg apertures have small fields.
The basic type of enlarger lens is a holosymmetric system consisting of two systems of which one is symmetrical with the first system except that all the data are multiplied by the enlarging factor m. When the object is in the focus of the first system, the combination is free from all lateral errors even before correction. A magnifier in optics is a lens that enables an object to be viewed so that it appears larger than its natural size. The magnifying power is usually given as equal to one-quarter of the power of the lens expressed in diopters.

Reflection

Change in the direction of propagation of a wave that strikes a boundary between different media through which it cannot pass. When a wave strikes such a boundary it bounces back, or is reflected, just as a ball bounces off the floor. The angle of incidence is the angle between the path of the wave and a line perpendicular to the boundary. The angle of reflection is the angle between the same line and the path of the reflected wave. All reflected waves obey the law of reflection, which states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. The reflectivity of a material is the fraction of energy of the oncoming wave that is reflected by it.

Refraction

Change in direction of a wave as it leaves one medium and enters another. Waves, such as sound and light waves, travel at different speeds in different media. When a wave enters a new medium at an angle of less than 90°, the change in speed occurs sooner on one side of the wave than on the other, causing the wave to bend, or refract. When water waves approach shallower water at an angle, they bend and become parallel to the shore. Refraction explains the apparent bending of a pencil when it is partly immersed in water and viewed from above the surface. It also causes the optical illusion of the mirage.

Diffraction

The bending of light, or other waves, into the region of the geometrical shadow of an obstacle. More exactly, diffraction refers to any redistribution in space of the intensity of waves that results from the presence of an object that causes variations of either the amplitude or phase of the waves. Most diffraction gratings cause a periodic modulation of the phase across the wavefront rather than a modulation of the amplitude. Although diffraction is an effect exhibited by all types of wave motion, this article will deal only with electromagnetic waves, especially those of visible light. For discussion of the phenomenon as encountered in other types of waves.

Rectilinear Propagation

Rectilinear propagation is a wave property which states that waves propagate (move or spread out) in straight lines. This property applies to both transverse and longitudinal waves. Even though a wave front may be bent (the waves created by a rock hitting a pond) the individual waves are moving in straight lines.

Interference

When two or more waves interact and combine, they interfere with one another. But interference is not necessarily bad: waves may interfere constructively, resulting in a wave larger than the original waves. Or, they may interfere destructively, combining in such a way that they form a wave smaller than the original ones. Even so, destructive interference may have positive effects: without the application of destructive interference to the muffler on an automobile exhaust system, for instance, noise pollution from cars would be far worse than it is. Other examples of interference, both constructive and destructive, can be found wherever there are waves: in water, in sound, in light.